Blijlevens, N., de Chateau, M., Krivan, G., Rabitsch, W., Szomor, A., Pytlik, R., … Niederwieser, D. (2013). In a high-dose melphalan setting, palifermin compared with placebo had no effect on oral mucositis or related patient's burden. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 48, 966–971.
To evaluate efficacy of palifermin versus placebo for prevention of oral mucositis (OM), as well as burden of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who receive autologous stem cell transplant (SCT)
This randomized study compared three groups: (1) placebo, (2) palifermin on days -6, -5, -4, 0, 1, and 2 (pre-/post-SCT), and (3) palifermin on days 0, 1, and 2 (post-SCT). The palifermin dose was 60 µg/kg per day IV. Patients were assessed daily for OM from day 2 until day 32 or discharge.
This was a multisite, inpatient study conducted in the Netherlands.
This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study.
Palifermin was unable to reduce OM or OM-related patient burden in patients with MM undergoing transplant.
Short term of use of palifermin for auto-SCT in patients with MM undergoing transplant was not effective in reducing OM. The fact that authors suggest that hyperkeratosis may have been incorrectly interpreted as OM suggests that correct assessment can be an issue in evaluating this symptom. Findings suggest that the specific timing of use of this agent may be critical. In using palifermin, nurses need to be aware of the appropriate timing in concert with timing of antineoplastic treatment and treatment effects.
Blijlevens, N.M., Donnelly, J.P., Naber, A.H., Schattenberg, A.V., & DePauw, B.E. (2005). A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, pilot study of parenteral glutamine for allogeneic stem cell transplant patients. Supportive Care in Cancer, 13, 790–796.
Parenteral nutrition supplemented with 0.57 g/kg glutamine-dipeptide was started on day 6 for a median of 19 days for patients in the treatment group.
The study was conducted between July 1999 and July 2002.
This was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study.
Oral assessment was conducted daily. Lesions, erythema, edema, pain, bleeding, dryness, and the production of viscous mucous were scored on a 0–3 scale and summed to produce a daily oral mucositis score (DMS).
Bleicher, J., Bhaskara, A., Huyck, T., Constantino, S., Bardia, A., Loprinzi, C.L., Silberstein, P.T. (2008). Lorazepam, diphenhydramine, and haloperidol gel for rescue from chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: Results of two pilot trials. Journal of Supportive Oncology. 6(1), 27-32.
To evaluate the efficacy of a topical gel containing lorazepam, diphenhydramine, and haloperidol (ABH), in reducing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) among patients with cancer
This article reported on two pilot trials.
Patients in one physician practice were prescribed prophylactic antiemetics according to standard guidelines. They were given a prescription for six prefilled, capped tuberculin syringes of ABH gel when they received emetogenic chemotherapy. The patients were instructed to use the ABH gel when they developed significant nausea or vomiting in the days that followed chemotherapy, with the option to repeat use at six-hour intervals. Patients were instructed to place 0.5 ml of the gel on the palmar aspects of their wrists using the prefilled syringe. After applying the gel, the participants were instructed to rub their wrists together gently for one to three minutes to facilitate transdermal absorption.
In the first trial, an investigator contacted patients by telephone within one month. Patients provided verbal informed consent at this time. The investigator asked patients questions about their progress with ABH gels using a standard questionnaire, developed for the pilot. Patients were asked to rate their CINV and if they believed the gel to cause sedation, skin irritation, or muscle spasms.
In the second trial, after patients provided verbal consent, an investigator used a structured interview by telephone or in person to rate the severity of CINV on a combined scale at 30 minutes and fours hours after applying the ABH gel.
The trials were conducted at the outpatient clinic of a university in the midwestern United States.
Transdermal ABH gel decreased the severity of CINV with only slight sedation reported.
Use of transdermal ABH is convenient and easily taught to patients; however, availability of this combination topical agent may be a challenge in community settings because hospital pharmacies are less likely to compound products.
Blazer, M., Phillips, G., Reardon, J., Efries, D., Smith, Y., Weatherby, L., … Bekaii-Saab, T. (2012). Antiemetic control with palonosetron in patients with gastrointestinal cancer receiving a fluoropyrimidine-based regimen in addition to either irinotecan or oxaliplatin: a retrospective study. Oncology, 83, 135–140.
To evaluate the use of palonosetron compared to ondansetron for the complete control of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in patients receiving moderately emetogenic oxaliplatin or irinotecan plus a fluoropyrimidine regimen
Patient charts were reviewed for time periods before the use of palonosetron and after use of palonosetron. Prior to use of palonosetron, ondaansetron was given in combination with 12 mg oral dexamethasone 30 minutes prior to chemotherapy on day 1 of each regimen. In the post palonosetron group, palonosetron was used instead of ondansetron. In the setting of grade 1 or more vomiting or grade 2 nausea, aprepitant was added to the regimen. Nurses graded nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy administration.
This was a single-site study conducted in both the inpatient and outpatient settings of a Midwest (Ohio) Academic medical center.
This study was a retrospective review of patients’ medical records.
With the use of palononsetron, the incidence of CINV failure was 28.4% versus 50.3% with the use of ondansetron (p < 0.001) regardless of the agent used (oxaliplatin or irinotecan).
The findings of this study support the use of palonosetron in regimens that include oxaliplatin or irinotecan plus either 5-FU or capecitabine. The study reported that the use of palononsetron resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the risk of CINV.
Although the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines for Antiemesis state that, for moderately emetogenic chemotherapy, a 5-HT3 antagonist and dexamethasone should be used to prevent CINV, this study showed that, for regimens with oxaliplatin or irinotecan and either 5-FU or capecitabine, the 5-HT3 of choice may be palononsetron. What is unknown is whether the use of palononsetron is equally as effective in reducing CINV using other moderately emetogenic chemotherapeutic regimens.
Blanchard, D., Bollet, M., Dreyer, C., Binczak, M., Calmels, P., Couturaud, C., ... & Albert, S. (2014). Management of somatic pain induced by head and neck cancer treatment: Pain following radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Guidelines of the French Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Society (SFORL). European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases, 131, 253–256.
PHASE OF CARE: Active antitumor treatment
Many systematic reviews were used as references such as the Cochrane Library, but no number articles reviewed or how these were chosen were mentioned. Selection was based on each reviewer’s experience.
The categorization using the ANAES guides to determine level of evidence and grades was appropriate. However, the search methods used in these guidelines were not clearly stated and need reconfirmation because there was no way to know whether the search was comprehensive. The recommendations were grade B and expert opinions.
Blagden, M., Hafer, J., Duerr, H., Hopp, M., & Bosse, B. (2014). Long-term evaluation of combined prolonged-release oxycodone and naloxone in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic pain: Pooled analysis of extension phases of two phase III trials. Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 26, 1792–1801.
To evaluate the maintenance of efficacy and safety during long-term treatment with combined oxycodone/naloxone prolonged-release tablets (OXN PR) in adults with moderate-to-severe chronic pain.
474 patients received open-labeled OXN PR during 52 weeks of extension phases of two studies, having completed 12 weeks of double-blinded, randomized treatment with oxycodone prolonged-release tablets (Oxy PR) (n = 160) or OXN PR (n = 162). The starting dose was the effective analgesic dose of OXY or OXN that the patient received at the end of the double-blind phase. Dose titration was to a maximum of 80 mg per day (OXN3001S) or 120 mg per day (OXN3006S) at the discretion of the investigator. Use of laxatives and analgesic rescue therapy was recorded in patient diaries. Oxycodone immediate-release (IR) and bisacodyl were provided for the first seven days of the extension phase. Protocols for rescue medicines and laxatives were prescribed according to standard protocols of the investigational sites. There were seven mandated office visits.
Improvement in bowel function was seen when patients switched from Oxy PR in the double-blinded phase to OXN PR in the extension phase, resulting in a clinical reduction (greater points) in BFI score: At the start of the extension phases, mean BFI score was 44.3 (SD = 28.13) and was 29.8 (SD = 2.36) for patients who had received OXN PR in the double-blinded phase. One week later, BFI scores were similar for the two groups (26.5 [SD = 24.4] and 27.5 [SD = 25.6], respectively), as was observed throughout the following months. Fewer than 10% of patients received laxatives regularly. Mean 24-hour pain scores were low and stable throughout the extension phases. No unexpected adverse events were observed.
Pooled data demonstrated OXN PR in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic pain is an effective long-term therapy for patient opioid-induced pain. Improvement in bowel function was seen during the double-blinded studies and was continued throughout the 52 weeks of OXN PR versus Oxy PR in this pooled analysis. No new or unexpected safety issues were observed, and patient satisfaction was high and maintained throughout the 52 weeks.
Prolonged-release oxycodone/naloxone (OXN PR) is a good option for patients with opioid-induced constipation.
Blackwell, K., Semiglazov, V., Krasnozhon, D., Davidenko, I., Nelyubina, L., Nakov, R., . . . Harbeck, N. (2015). Comparison of EP2006, a filgrastim biosimilar, to the reference: A phase III, randomized, double-blind clinical study in the prevention of severe neutropenia in patients with breast cancer receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Annals of Oncology, 26, 1948–1953.
To compare the biosimilar to reference filgrastim
Patients were randomized to receive the biosimilar or filgrastim for the duration of treatment or to alternate at each chemotherapy cycle. Chemotherapy was given every three weeks for six cycles. Patient assessments were done at baseline, on day 1 of each cycle. For cycles 2–6, complete blood counts were assessed on day 7 and daily thereafter.
The number of consecutive days of neutropenia was 1.17 in the biosimilar group and 1.2 in the filgrastim group. No significant differences existed in the time to ANC recovery or adverse events. In those receiving the biosimilar, fever episodes were reported in 15% compared to 4.3% of those receiving filgrastim.
This study showed no clinically meaningful differences in neutropenia-related outcomes between patients receiving figrastim and a colony-stimulating factor (CSF) biosimilar.
The findings showed similar clinical results with filgrastim and this CSF biosimilar.
Blackwell, L., Petroni, G., Shu, J., Baum, L., & Farace, E. (2009). A pilot study evaluating the safety and efficacy of modafinil for cancer-related fatigue. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 12, 433–439.
The study's primary aim was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of modafinil in improving cancer-related fatigue. Its secondary aim was to determine the effect of modafinil on depression, quality of life, functional status, and cognitive function.
Participants were given 100 mg of modafinil daily for weeks 1 and 2, and then 200 mg daily for weeks 3 and 4. Participants older than 80 were dose-reduced and received 50 mg of modafinil daily for weeks 1 and 2, then 100 mg daily for weeks 3 and 4. There was no control group.
Testing was completed at baseline, week 2, and at the completion of the trial.
This was a prospective, open-label pilot study.
Fatigue (as measured by the BFI) was improved at week 2 for 46% of participants; at week 4, 75% had a significantly improved score (p = 0.025). Functioning (as measured by the FACT-BR) showed an improvement in all subsets of well-being at weeks 2 and 4 (p < 0.05) except social/family. Depression (as measured by the HADS) declined significantly at weeks 2 and 4 (p < 0.001).
Functional status (as measured by the Barthel Index) did not change, but overall ECOG performance status improved, with 40% of patients improving at least one level. Cognitive function was not significantly changed, although the TMT-B did show a trend of overall improvement.
Modafinil did not significantly improve learning and memory, fine motor ability, verbal fluency, or executive function, but results are limited due to the small sample size.
Blackwell, K., Donskih, R., Jones, C.M., Nixon, A., Vidal, M.J., Nakov, R., . . . Harbeck, N. (2016). A comparison of proposed biosimilar LA-EP2006 and reference pegfilgrastim for the prevention of neutropenia in patients with early-stage breast cancer receiving myelosuppressive adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy: Pegfilgrastim randomized oncology (supportive care) trial to evaluate comparative treatment (PROTECT-2), a phase III, randomized, double-blind trial. Oncologist, 21, 789–794.
To compare the efficacy and safety of a pegfilgrastim biosimilar to reference pegfilgrastim
Patients were randomized to receive 6 mg of either reference pegfilgrastim or a biosimilar. The colony-stimulating factor (CSF) was given on day 2 of each cycle. ANC was measured on day 1 of cycle 1, then daily until recovery after nadir or until day 15. A margin of one day of neutropenia was established as the margin for noninferiority analysis.
All study outcomes were similar in both groups. Over 95% of both groups had musculoskeletal adverse events, including bone pain, myalgia, arthralgia, and back pain (13.7%–16.1% of patients).
The CSF biosimilar evaluated here demonstrated similar efficacy and safety to that of the reference pegfilgrastim.
Pegfilgrastim and the CSF biosimilar evaluated were shown to be therapeutically equivalent.
Blacklock, R., Rhodes, R., Blanchard, C., & Gaul, C. (2010). Effects of exercise intensity and self-efficacy on state anxiety with breast cancer survivors. Oncology Nursing Forum, 37, 206–212.
To determine if acute exercise reduces state anxiety in breast cancer survivors
Participants recruited were randomly assigned to a light or moderate intensity group and were asked to complete both moderate and light intensity exercise on two different days. Exercise sessions were done by cycling. Prior to exercise, questionnaires for anxiety and self-efficacy were completed. Participants cycled for 20 minutes, staying with standardized heart rate ranges as defined for light and moderate intensity. Questionnaires were repeated after each exercise session following an eight-minute rest.
The study has clinical applicability for late effects and survivorship.
A randomized, experimental, repeated-measures design was used.
There were no differences between day 1 and 2 for anxiety and self-efficacy. Repeated measures ANOVA on anxiety showed a main effect for time (p < 0.01), with anxiety decreasing across the time of exercise. The intensity of the exercise was not significant. There were no differences between breast cancer survivors and others. Self-efficacy measures showed a main effect for time (p < 0.01), but no differences between breast cancer survivors and others or between exercise intensities. Breast cancer survivors and others reported similar pre-exercise state anxiety levels. There was a significant reciprocal relationship between self-efficacy and state anxiety both pre- and post-exercise (p < 0.05).
Exercise appears to have a short-term effect in reducing anxiety and increasing perception of self-efficacy.
Studies with longer-term exercise interventions and in participants with higher levels of anxiety may be helpful in exploring these issues. Long-term findings suggest that the specific approach to management of anxiety during the cancer diagnostic phase does not appear to significantly impact anxiety and depression in women with low-risk abnormal findings. The timing of depression might suggest that extended follow-up after diagnostic testing and treatment may be associated with depression for some women. Which of the strategies examined here offer the best balance between benefits and harms is a matter of continuing debate.