Charalambous, A., Giannakopoulou, M., Bozas, E., & Paikousis, L. (2015). A randomized controlled trial for the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation and guided imagery as anxiety reducing interventions in breast and prostate cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 270876.
To test the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) and guided imagery as stress-reducing interventions
Patients randomized to usual care had weekly meetings with psychologists. Those randomized to PMR and guided imagery had four supervised sessions and daily self-practice for three weeks. To stimulate imagery, the guided imagery component included auditory, tactile, and olfactory images. The imagery script was accompanied by music. The intervention was tested and measured with biofeedback prior to study use. Both groups were assessed at baseline and at the end of three weeks. Daily text message reminders were sent to the intervention group to remind them to practice PMR.
The group had a decrease in mean anxiety score whereas the control group had an increase in anxiety at three weeks compared to baseline. The difference between groups of this change was significant (p < 0.001). The same pattern of change between groups was shown for depression (p < 0.001). Salivary amylase and cortisol levels were directly related to anxiety and depression scores (p < 0.001).
PMR and guided imagery were associated with reduced anxiety and depression among patients with breast and prostate cancer during chemotherapy.
Findings here showed that progressive muscle relaxation and guided imagery were effective in reducing anxiety and depression during chemotherapy treatment. These are very low-risk interventions that can be helpful and can be readily incorporated into standard patient care.
Chapell, R., & Aapro, M.S. (2013). Efficacy of aprepitant among patients aged 65 and over receiving moderately to highly emetogenic chemotherapy: A meta-analysis of unpublished data from previously published studies. Journal of Geriatric Oncology, 4(1), 78–83.
PHASE OF CARE: Active antitumor treatment
APPLICATIONS: Elder care
The relative risk of complete response for patients under 65 is 1.30 (95% CI: 1.19–1.42; p < 0.0001). It is not significantly different from patients over 65 (Q = 0.281, p = 0.596). The relative risk for a complete response for patients over 75 is 1.42 (95% CI: 1.07–1.89; p = 0.02). It is not significantly different from the relative risk for patients under the age of 75 (1.28, 95% CI: 1.19–1.37; Q = 0.49, p = 0.78). The relative risk of a complete response to regimens including aprepitant for patients over 75 is not different for patients under 65 (Q = 0.42, p = 0.81). There was no statistically significant difference in heterogeneity among studies.
Aprepitant is beneficial for patients both over and under age 65.
The addition of aprepitant should be considered in patients, regardless of age, for the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting associated with moderate and highly emetogenic chemotherapy.
Chao, L.F., Zhang, A.L., Liu, H.E., Cheng, M.H., Lam, H.B., & Lo, S.K. (2009). The efficacy of acupoint stimulation for the management of therapy-related adverse events in patients with breast cancer: A systematic review. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 118, 255–267.
To scrutinize the evidence of using acupoint stimulation (APS) by any modality on managing adverse events related to anticancer therapies in patients with breast cancer
English databases searched were PubMed, Cochrane library, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, and PsycINFO.
Chinese databases searched were CNKI, CEPS, and WanFang as well as manual searching.
Search keywords were medical terms of breast cancer (e.g., breast neoplasm, breast carcinoma, breast tumor) combined separately with at least one of the following: acupuncture, acupressure, auricular acupuncture, ear acupuncture, acupuncture points, electroacupuncture, acupoint, transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation, moxibustion.
Studies were included if they
Studies were excluded if they were
Initial review involved 843 titles and abstracts and 51 full-text articles. Of those, 26 studies were included in the report.
Study evaluation began with two independent reviewers using a modified Jadad scale, assessing 3 aspects: randomization procedure (2 points); dropout and withdrawal discussion (1 point); and blinding (2 points). Studies were classified as high quality if they attained a score of 3 or higher.
Evaluated literature included 18 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and eight controlled clinical trials published between 1999 and 2008. Nine trials included conventional acupuncture, 6 included electroacupuncture, 5 included drug injection in acupoints, 3 included self-acupressure, and 3 included acupoint stimulation by wristbands or acumagnet. Eighteen were in English, and 8 were in Chinese.
Nine of the 26 studies were rated as high quality. Adverse effects (outcomes) of the APS included vasomotor syndrome, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), post-mastectomy pain, joint symptoms, lymphedema, leukopenia, and adverse events.
Eleven studies investigated CINV and APS with acupoints P6 and ST36. Ten of the CINV studies reported APS significantly improved emesis caused by breast cancer therapy.
The most common outcome evaluated by APS in the studies was CINV. APS was noted to be effective in reducing acute emesis caused by breast cancer therapy. Authors reported that APS is beneficial in the management of CINV, especially in the acute phase.
Healthcare providers should consider using APS as an option for the management of CINV.
Chan, C. W., Richardson, A., & Richardson, J. (2011). Managing symptoms in patients with advanced lung cancer during radiotherapy: results of a psychoeducational randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 41, 347–357.
To examine the effectiveness of a psychoeducational intervention (PEI) on the symptom cluster of anxiety, breathlessness, and fatigue compared with usual care.
Education on symptom management and coaching on the use of progressive muscle relaxation was delivered to patients one week prior to the start of radiotherapy (RT) and repeated three weeks after beginning RT. Symptom data were collected at four times points: prior to the intervention and at three, six, and 12 weeks postintervention.
The study was a randomized, controlled trial using a pre-/posttest design with two groups.
A significant difference (p = 0.003) was seen over time on the pattern of change of the symptom cluster between the PEI intervention and the usual care control group. Significant effects on patterns of changes in breathlessness (p = 0.002), fatigue (p = 0.011), anxiety (p = 0.001), and functional ability (p = 0.000) were found.
PEI is an effective treatment for relieving the symptom cluster of anxiety, breathlessness, and fatigue and each of the individually assessed symptoms.
The study provided evidence to support the symptom cluster of anxiety, breathlessness, and fatigue as interrelated, with assessment and management of those three symptoms as a cluster. Clarification of the nature of their interrelatedness is a potential area of further study. Education and counseling patients through nurses can be helpful in the management of these symptoms.
Chan, C.W., Cheng, K.K., Lam, L.W., Li, C.K., Chik, K.W., & Cheung, J.S. (2008). Psycho-educational intervention for chemotherapy-associated nausea and vomiting in paediatric oncology patients: A pilot study. Hong Kong Medical Journal, 14(5 Suppl.), 32–35.
To assess the feasibility of using relaxation and patient education
Patients were placed in group 1 or 2 (no randomization information provided). Group 1 received training in progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) and guided imagery (GI) using audiotapes daily. Training was provided daily on days 0-5, then patients practiced the techniques daily for two months. Group 2 received two 30-minute patient/parent education sessions on days 0 and 2, focusing on risk assessment, antiemetic use, and meal planning. All subjects completed instruments at baseline (prior to chemotherapy) then daily for seven more days. One and two months after the intervention, anxiety, compliance with PMR and GI (group 1 only), satisfaction with care, and quality of life was assessed. Pulse and blood pressure were reported in the findings but not listed in the procedure. A third group was comprised of 10 historical control cases who matched the characteristics of group 1.
The study was conducted at a single site hospital in Hong Kong.
All patients were pediatric and in active treatment.
This was a clinical trial with pre- and post-test design.
At baseline, group 1 had significantly lower anxiety than group 2 (p = 0.032). Group 1 had less vomiting on day 3 compared to the control group (p = 0.036). No significant difference was found in antiemetic use between the intervention and control groups. No significant difference was found in body weight, CINV, antiemetic use, quality of life, or caloric intake between groups 1 and 2. Health diaries indicated that patients practiced PMR three to four times weekly at home with no significant changes in blood pressure or pulse. Patients and parents reported the interventions as moderately useful.
This study was poorly designed, and findings should be used cautiously. Although the authors reported that PMR and education can reduce CINV, no conclusions should be made except that further research is warranted.
The quality of this study is too poor to provide any implications for nurses. Well-designed research in this area is needed.
Chan, A., Leng, X.Z., Chiang, J.Y., Tao, M., Quek, R., Tay, K., & Lim, S.T. (2011). Comparison of daily filgrastim and pegfilgrastim to prevent febrile neutropenia in Asian lymphoma patients. Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology, 7, 75–81.
The study aim was to compare the effectiveness of primary prophylaxis with filgrastim and pegfilgrastim to prevent the incidence of febrile neutropenia in Asian patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy.
Data analyzed on intent-to-treat basis from January 2008 and August 2009 identified from the pharmacy prescription database. The G-CSF must have been administered at least 24 hours after chemotherapy administration for primary prophylaxis against febrile neutropenia. Crossover between the two G-CSFs was allowed and the patient was assigned to the treatment group according to the G-CSF used with the first cycle.
Active treatment
Single-center, retrospective study
During the first cycle of chemotherapy, six (7.4%) and 11 (8.9%) patients developed FN in the filgrastim and pegfilgrastim arms, respectively (p = 0.8). Across all cycles of chemotherapy treatments, the overall incidence of FN in both arms was much higher than in the first cycle. However, the incidence of FN between the filgrastim group and the pegfilgrastim group remained similar (13.6% in the filgrastim arm versus 16.3% in the pegfilgrastim arm; p = 0.69) across all cycles. More patients in the filgrastim arm experienced treatment delays (8.6%) and chemotherapy dose reductions (4.9%) compared to those who were administered pegfilgrastim (incidence of dose delay = 5.7%, p = 0.25; incidence of dose reduction = 3.3%, p = 0.45) during the first cycle. However, these differences were not statistically significant. The cumulative occurrences of dose delays or dose reductions in all cycles were higher among patients who received pegfilgrastim (absolute difference of dose delay = 2.7%, p = 0.71; absolute difference of dose reduction = 0.7%, p = 1.00). Across all cycles, for regimens that possess a FN risk below 20%, a lower incidence of FN was observed in patients who received filgrastim than those who received pegfilgrastim (12.2 versus 21.4%, respectively; p = 0.31). Similar trends also were observed with the cumulative incidence of treatment delay and chemotherapy dose reduction: patients receiving pegfilgrastim were more likely to suffer from the complications of FN. With regards to the chemotherapy regimens that possess FN risk of 20% or greater, the incidence of FN, treatment delays, and dose reductions all were similar in both treatment arms (absolute difference in the incidence of FN = 5.6%, p = 0.52; absolute difference in the incidence of dose delays = 0.5%, p = 1.00; absolute difference in the incidence of dose reductions = 4.3%, p = 0.46).
There was no statistically significant difference between filgrastim and pegfilgrastim for the primary prophylaxis of febrile neutropenia in Asian patients undergoing chemotherapy. There was no statistically significant difference between filgrastim and pegfilgrastim with regard to the incidence of dose delays or dose reductions.
Retrospective study that relied on the accuracy of the medical records reviewed.
Filgrastim and pegfilgrastim are equally effective to prevent chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia and to prevent dose delays and dose reductions in subsequent cycles.
Chan, D.N., Lui, L.Y., & So, W.K. (2010). Effectiveness of exercise programmes on shoulder mobility and lymphoedema after axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer: Systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(9), 1902–1914.
To review the effectiveness of exercise programs on shoulder mobility and lymphoedema in patients with breast cancer after having axillary lymph node dissection as revealed by randomized controlled trials
Databases searched were CINAHL, Ovid Medline, the BritishNursing Index, Proquest, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. Search keywords were breast; cancer, malignancy, neoplasm, or tumour; modified radical mastectomy, radical mastectomy, breast conservation surgery, wide local excision, axillary lymph node dissection, or adjuvant therapy; exercise, training, weight training, stretching exercise, physical activity, rehabilitation or resistance training, aerobic training, strength training, or lifestyle or range of motion exercises; lymphoedema, arm circumference, arm swelling, oedema, range of motion or shoulder mobility, joint movement, or shoulder function. Studies were included in the study if they
Studies were excluded if they
The total number of studies initially reviewed was 325. A quantitative effectiveness review was used with levels of evidence defined by the Joanna Briggs Institute.
Early rather than delayed onset of training did not affect the incidence of postoperative lymphoedema, but early introduction of exercises was valuable in avoiding deterioration in range of shoulder motion.
Nurses have an important role in educating and encouraging patients to practice these exercises to speed up recovery.
Chan, C.W., Richardson, A., & Richardson, J. (2011). Managing symptoms in patients with advanced lung cancer during radiotherapy: Results of a psychoeducational randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 41, 347–357.
The objective of the study is to examine the effectiveness of a psychoeducational intervention (PEI) that combines patient education with progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) in the relief of a symptom cluster of anxiety, breathlessness, and fatigue in patients with advanced lung cancer receiving palliative radiotherapy (RT).
A total of 140 participants were randomized by lucky draw method to either an intervention group or a control group. Participants in the intervention group received a 40-minute educational package consisting of leaflets and discussion on the symptom cluster (breathlessness, anxiety, and fatigue) and self-care management. Coaching of PMR was delivered within one week prior to the beginning of the course of RT and reinforced three weeks after RT commencement. The intervention was delivered by RNs with two years of clinical experience who went through a two-day training session on the materials in the educational package and the practice of PMR. An audiotape in Chinese and educational leaflets were also given, and patients were encouraged to practice PMR daily and as required. Patients in the intervention group were given a telephone reminder at the end of the second week to enhance participation in the week three sessions. Those in the control group only received “usual care,” which was offered to patients in both the intervention and control groups and consisted of a mandatory individual briefing of RT procedures and a five- to seven-minute discussion of side effects focusing on skin care by a therapy radiographer. An optional group talk by an RN and a medical social worker about general care before and/or after the start of RT was also offered. Data were collected by a research assistant (RA) who was blinded to group allocation. Data collection on symptoms was obtained at four time points: prior to intervention (T0), week 3 (T1), week 6 (T2), and week 12 (T3). Patients were also asked to record adherence to the relaxation exercise in a simple health diary (calendar) for 12 consecutive weeks.
A randomized, controlled trial design was used.
At baseline, all patients had a low intensity for breathlessness (mean: 15.81; range: 0–100), but low-to-moderate fatigue (mean: 3.41; range: 0–100) and anxiety (mean: 42.04; range: 20–80) intensity scores, and an overall low-to-moderate functional score (mean: 25.14–66.41; range: 0–100). Patients in the control group, however, were noted to have significantly more advanced-stage lung cancer (p < 0.05) than the intervention group. In the intervention group, 94% of participants completed the intervention in full (based on the intervention log), the majority of whom demonstrated high attention and interest. Participants practiced about four to five sessions of PMR per week, and more than 60% both read the leaflets and listened to the audiotape. At all four time periods (T0–T4), significant and moderate positive intercorrelations among breathlessness, fatigue, and anxiety were observed (p < 0.01), thus suggesting a prominent relational effect of the three symptoms when considered as a cluster. Over time (T0–T2), a significant difference in the pattern of change in “composite” outcome (i.e., breathlessness, anxiety, and fatigue considered as a cluster) between the two study groups was observed (p = 0.003). When considered individually, univariate tests also confirmed a significant difference in pattern of symptom changes over time (T0–T2) for breathlessness (p = 0.002), fatigue (p = 0.011), and anxiety (p = 0.001), as well as functional ability (p = 0.000). Due to high attrition rates from death after T3, long-term effect of PEI at week 12 (T4) was not found to have significant difference in the pattern of change in fatigue (p = 0.034).
PEI is effective in the simultaneous relief of breathlessness, fatigue, and anxiety as a symptom cluster. The authors suggest that the total difference in symptom intensity between the intervention and control groups would have otherwise gone unrecognized if each were to be examined separately.
One limitation of the study was the higher attrition rate (due to patient mortality) experienced by the control group (42%) than the intervention group (11%) at T3 and overall attrition (27%) at the end of the 12 weeks. More patients in the control group had more advanced-stage cancer and distant metastasis than in the intervention group, thus indicating a failed randomization process. Also, due to high attrition, the authors advise that findings should be viewed with caution because of missing data. Additionally, information is lacking regarding participants’ perceptions and feelings toward the intervention process and outcomes. Other limitations related to possible confounding population characteristics that could influence symptom management include prior lung cancer treatments (especially if known pulmonary toxins), preexisting interstitial lung disease, tumor locations, and patient ages.
PEI with primarily PMR seems promising as a resource for the relief of low-intensity breathlessness in light of low-to-moderate intensity anxiety and fatigue up to at least six weeks after palliative RT. Long-term effect of PEI on this symptom cluster at 12 weeks is inconclusive. Similarly, more studies are warranted to establish if PEI is effective for higher baseline intensity of breathlessness and/or anxiety and fatigue. Cost-effectiveness of PEI (i.e., cost of material and training of personnel to deliver the intervention) should be weighed against the cost of poor symptom management (i.e., frequency of hospitalization, length of stay, and pharmacologic treatments).
Chanwimalueang, N., Ekataksin, W., Piyaman, P., Pattanapen, G., & Hanboon, B.K. (2015). Twisting Tourniquet® technique: Introducing Schnogh, a novel device and its effectiveness in treating primary and secondary lymphedema of extremities. Cancer Medicine, 4, 1514–1524.
To describe the clinical effectiveness of a particular device in decongestive therapy
The Schnogh device consists of fabric and other parts that enable a spiral twisting that delivers sequential compression for 15 minutes followed by decompression for five minutes over the course of an hour. Patients analyzed in this study completed five days of treatment over one week.
Prospective, descriptive study
The average percent limb volume reduction was 50.2% for upper extremities and 55.6% for lower extremities.
Decompression therapy as provided with the device described here was effective in reducing lymphedema volume.
Complete decongestive therapy is effective for lymphedema reduction with most evidence describing its use in upper extremities. The findings in this study suggested that this device can provide similar results with no manual decongestive component. Additional well-designed studies are needed to confirm that this approach yields comparable or better results than current treatments.
Chanthawong, S., Subongkot, S., & Sookprasert, A. (2014). Effectiveness of olanzapine for the treatment of breakthrough chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet Thangphaet, 97, 349–355.
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of olanzapine for breakthrough emesis in addition to standard antiemetic regimen in patients with cancer receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy
All patients were treated with the institutional standard for HEC: ondansetron 24 mg IV BID and dexamethasone 10 mg IV BID on day 1. Oral metoclopramide 10 mg TID plus dexamethasone 10 mg po BID were given on days 2 and 3. Oral olanzapine 5 mg was given after the first vomiting episode. Twelve hours later, the second dose was given concurrently with the standard prevention regimen.
Complete response of breakthrough emesis was 60.9%, retching was 71.7%, and nausea was 50.0%. Adverse events were mild, including dizziness, fatigue, and dyspepsia.
The study demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of olanzapine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in HEC patients. Olanzapine could be considered for treatment of patients at high risk for breakthrough emesis despite standard prevention. Olanzapine 5 mg every 12 hours for at least 24 hours could be recommended per the study.
Olanzapine is a drug that could be extremely helpful in treatment of CINV. Studies have shown olanzapine to be a safe and effective medication in acute and delayed CINV. The reviewed study attempted to show effectiveness in the breakthrough setting but many limitations were reported and are listed above. The researchers should not conduct CINV studies for “breakthrough” if the patient is given suboptimal treatment upfront.