Ovarian Cancer: An Overview of Treatment Options
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic cancer. Early-stage diagnosis is difficult, and chemotherapy treatments often are not durable. Despite challenges, progress has been made since the 1990s; healthcare professionals now have an increased understanding of the disease biology and can identify hereditary ovarian cancer and provide screening recommendations. The recognized importance of complete staging, cytoreductive surgery, and new effective treatments has made an improvement in five-year survival.
Bast, R.C., Xu, F.J., Yu, Y.H., Barnhill, S., Zhang, Z., & Mills, G.B. (1998). CA 125: The past and the future. <i>International Journal of Biological Markers</i>, 13, 179-187.
Bell, J., Brady, M.F., Young, R.C., Lage, J., Walker, J.L., Look, K.Y., et al. (2006). Randomized phase III trial of three versus six cycles of adjuvant carboplatin and paclitaxel in early stage epithelial ovarian carcinoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. <i>Gynecologic Oncology</i>, 102, 432-439.
Bookman, M.A. (2005). Standard treatment in advanced ovarian cancer in 2005: The state of the art. <i>International Journal of Gynecological Cancer</i>, 15(Suppl. 3), 212-220.
Bookman, M.A. (2006). GOG0182-ICON5: 5-arm phase III randomized trial of paclitaxel (P) and carboplatin (C) vs combinations with gemcitabine (G), PEG-liposomaldoxorubicin (D), or topotecan (T) in patients (pts) with advanced-stage epithelial ovarian (EOC) or primary peritoneal (PPC) carcinoma [Abstract 5002]. <i>Journal of Clincal Oncology</i>, 24(18, Suppl.), 256s.
Boyce, E.A., & Kohn, E.C. (2005). Ovarian cancer in the proteomics era: Diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic targets. <i>International Journal of Gynecological Cancer</i>, 15(Suppl. 3), 266-273.
Boyd, J., & Rubin, S.C. (1997). Hereditary ovarian cancer: Molecular genetics and clinical implications. <i>Gynecologic Oncology</i>, 64, 196-206.
Cramer, D.W., & Welch, W.R. (1983). Determinants of ovarian cancer risk. II. Inferences regarding pathogenesis. <i>Journal of the National Cancer Institute</i>, 71, 717-721.
Curtin, J.P. (1994). Management of adnexal mass. <i>Gynecologic Oncology</i>, 55(Pt. 2), S42-S46.
Daly, M., & Obrams, G.I. (1998). Epidemiology and risk assessment for ovarian cancer. <i>Seminars Oncology</i>, 25, 255-264.
Eisenkop, S.M., Friedman, R.L., & Wang, H.J. (1998). Complete cytoreductive surgery is feasible and maximizes survival in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: A prospective study. <i>Gynecologic Oncology</i>, 69, 103-108.
Eriksson, J.H., & Frazier, S.R. (2000). Epithelial cancers of the ovary and fallopian tube. In G.J. Moore-Higgs, L.A. Almadrones, L.M. Gossfield, J.H. Eriksson, & B. Colvin-Huff (Eds.), <i>Women and cancer: A gynecologic oncology nursing perspective</i> (2nd ed., pp. 186-233). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
Fathalla, M.F. (1971). Incessant ovulation—A factor in ovarian neoplasia? <i>Lancet</i>, 2, 163.
Garcia, A.A., Hamid, O., & El-Hkoueiry, A. (2006). Ovarian cancer. Retrieved March 16, 2007, from <a target="_blank" href='http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1698.htm'>http://www.emedicine.com/med...
Goff, B.A., Mandel, L., Muntz, H.G., & Melancon, C.H. (2000). Ovarian carcinoma diagnosis. <i>Cancer</i>, 89, 2068-2075.
Gonzalez-Martin, A.J., Calvo, E., Bover, I., Rubio, M.J., Arcusa, A., Casado, A., et al. (2005). Randomized phase II trial of carboplatin versus paclitaxel and carboplatin in platinum-sensitive recurrent advanced ovarian carcinoma: A GEICO (Grupo Espanol de Investigacion en Cancer de Ovario) study. <i>Annals of Oncology</i>, 16, 749-755.
Greer, B.E., Bundy, B.N., Ozols, R.F., Fowler, J.M., Clarke-Pearson, D., Burger, R.A., et al. (2005). Implications of second-look laparotomy in the context of optimally resected stage III ovarian cancer: A non-randomized comparison using an explanatory analysis: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. <i>Gynecologic Oncology</i>, 99, 71-79.
Heintz, A., Odicino, F., Maisonneuve, P., Beller, U., Benedet, J.L., Creasman, W.T., et al. (2001). Carcinoma of the ovary. <i>Journal of Epidemiology Biostatistics</i>, 6, 107-138.
Igoe, B.A. (1997). Symptoms attributed to ovarian cancer by women witht he disease. <i>Nurse Practitioner</i>, 22, 122-144.
International Collaborative Ovarian Neoplasm Group. (1998). ICON2: Randomised trial of single-agent carboplatin against three-drug combination of CAP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin) in women with ovarian cancer. ICON Collaborators. International Collaborative Ovarian Neoplasm Study. <i>Lancet</i>, 352, 1571-1576.
International Collaborative Ovarian Neoplasm Group. (2002). Paclitaxel plus carboplatin versus standard chemotherapy with either single-agent carboplatin or cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in women with ovarian cancer: The ICON3 randomised trial. <i>Lancet</i>, 360, 505-515.
International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. (2003). FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) annual report on the results of treatment in gynecologic cancer. <i>International Journal of Gynaecology Obstetrics</i>, 83(Suppl. 1), 1-229.
Jemal, A., Siegel, R., Ward, E., Murray, T., Xu, J., & Thun, M.J. (2007). Cancer statistics, 2007. <i>CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians</i>, 57, 43-66.
Karlan, B.Y., Markman, M.A., & Eifel, P.J. (2005). Ovarian cancer, peritoneal carcinoma, and fallopian tube carcinoma. In V.T. DeVita, Jr., S. Hellman, & S.A. Rosenberg (Eds.), <i>Cancer: Principles and practice of oncology</i> (7th ed., pp. 1364-1397). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Markman, M., Liu, P.Y., Wilczynski, S., Monk, B., Copeland, L.J., Alvarez, R.D., et al. (2003). Phase III randomized trial of 12 versus 3 months of maintenance paclitaxel in patients with advanced ovarian cancer after complete response to platinum and paclitaxel-based chemotherapy: A Southwest Oncology Group and Gynecologic Oncology Group trial. <i>Journal of Clinical Oncology</i>, 21, 2460-2465.
Martin, V.R., & Cherry, C. (2006). Ovarian cancer. In K.H. Dow (Ed.), <i>Nursing care of women with cancer</i>. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier.
McGuire, W.P., Hoskins, W.J., Brady, M.F., Kucera, P.R., Partridge, E.E., Look, K.Y., et al. (1996). Cyclophosphamide and cisplatin compared with paclitaxel and cisplatin in patients with stage III and stage IV ovarian cancer. <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>, 334, 1-6.
Muggia, F.M., Braly, P.S., Brady, M.F., Sutton, G., Niemann, T.H., Lentz, S.L., et al. (2000). Phase III randomized study of cisplatin versus paclitaxel versus cisplatin and paclitaxel in patients with suboptimal stage III or IV ovarian cancer: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. <i>Journal of Clinical Oncology</i>, 18, 106-115.
National Cancer Institute. (2006). Cancer stat fact sheet: Cancer of the ovary. Retrieved March 16, 2007, from <a target="_blank" href='http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/ovary.html'>http://seer.cancer.gov...
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2007). <i>NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology™: Ovarian cancer</i>. Retrieved March 19, 2007, from <a target="_blank" href='http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/ovarian.pdf'>http://...
National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). ClinicalTrails.gov. Retrieved on March 16, 2007, from <a target="_blank" href='http://www.clinicaltrials.gov'>http://www.clinicaltrials.gov</a>
National Library of Medicine. (2007). Carboplatin plus paclitaxel with or without continued low-dose paclitaxel in treating patients with early-stage ovarian cancer [NCT00003644]. Retrieved March 16, 2007, from <a target="_blank" href='http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003644?order=1'>http://www.cl...
Ozols, R.F. (2002). Future directions in the treatment of ovarian cancer. <i>Seminars in Oncology</i>, 29(Suppl. 1), 32-42.
Ozols, R.F. (2004). NICE guidelines for ovarian cancer: Recommendations versus standard care. <i>Cancer Investigation</i>, 22, 815-817.
Ozols, R.F., Bundy, B.N., Greer, B.E., Fowler, J.M., Clake-Pearson, D., Burger, R.A., et al. (2003). Phase III trial of carboplatin and paclitaxel compared with cisplatin and paclitaxel in patients with optimally resected stage III ovarian cancer: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. <i>Journal of Clinical Oncology</i>, 21, 3194-3200.
Ozols, R.F., Rubin, S.C., Thomas, G., & Robboy, S. (1997). Epithelial ovarian cancer. In W.J. Hoskins, C.A. Perez, & R.C. Young (Eds.). <i>Principles and practices of gynecologic oncology</i> (2nd ed., pp. 919-986). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.
Parmar, M.K., Ledermann, J.A., Colombo, N., du Bois, A., Delaloye, J.F., Kristensen, G.B., et al. (2003). Paclitaxel plus platinum-based chemotherapy versus conventional platinum-based chemotherapy in women with replaced ovarian cancer: The ICON4/AGOOVAR-2.2 trial. <i>Lancet</i>, 361, 2099-2106.
Pfisterer, J., Vergote, I., Du Bois, A., & Eisenhauer, E. (2005). Combination therapy with gemcitabine and carboplatin in recurrent ovarian cancer. <i>International Journal of Gynecological Cancer</i>, 15(Suppl. 1), 36-41.
Piccart, M.J., Bertelson, K., James, K., Cassidy, J., Mangioni, C., Simonsen, E., et al. (2000). Randomized intergroup trial of cisplatin-paclitaxel versus cisplatin-cyclophosphamide in women with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: Three-year results. <i>Journal of the National Cancer Institute</i>, 92, 699-708.
Piver, M.S. (2002). Hereditary ovarian cancer. Lessons from the first twenty years of the Gilda Radner FAmilial Ovarian Cancer Registery. <i>Gynecologic Oncology</i>, 85, 9-17.
Rebbeck, T.R., Lynch, H.T., Neuhausen, S.L., Narod, S.A., Van't Veer, L., Garber, J.E., et al. (2002). Prophylatic oophorectomy in carriers of <i>BRCA1</i> or <i>BRCA2</i> mutations. <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>, 346, 1616-1622.
Trimbos, J.B., Parmar, M., Vergote, I., Guthrie, D., Bolis, G., Colombo, N., et al. (2003). International Collaborative Ovarian Neoplasm trial 1 and Adjuvant ChemoTherapy in Ovarian Neoplasm trial: Two parallel randomized phase III trials of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with early-stage ovarian carcinoma. <i>Journal of the National Cancer Institute</i>, 95, 105-112.
Vasey, P.A., Jayson, G.C., Gordon, A., Gabra, H., Coleman, R., Atkinson, R., et al. (2004). Phase III randomized trial of docetaxel-carboplatin versus paclitaxel-carboplatin as first-line chemotherapy for ovarian carcinoma. <i>Journal of the National Cancer Institute</i>, 96, 1682-1691.
Vergote, I., DeBrabanter, J., Fyles, A. Bertelsen, K., Einhorn, N., Sevelda, P., et al. (2001). Prognostic importance of degree of differentiation and cyst rupture in stage I invasive epithelial ovarian carcinoma. <i>Lancet</i>, 357, 176-182.
Whittemore, A.S. (1994). Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: Implications for prevention and detection. <i>Gynecology Oncology</i>, 55(Pt. 2), S15-S19.
Whittemore, A.S., Harris, R., & Itnyre, J. (1992). Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: Collaborative analysis of 12 US case-control studies. IV. The pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer. <i>American Journal of Epidemiology</i>, 136, 1212-1220.
Wong, C., Hempling, R.E., Piver, M.S., Natarajan, N., & Mettlin, C.J. (1990). Perineal talc exposure and subsequent epithelial ovarian cancer: A case control study. <i>Obstetrics and Gynecology</i>, 93, 372-376.
Young, R.C. (2003). Early-stage ovarian cancer: To treat or not to treat. <i>Journal of the National Cancer Institute</i>, 95, 94-95.
Young, R.C., Brady, M.F., Nieberg, R.K., Long, H.J., Mayer, A.R., Lentz, S.S., et al. (2005). Adjuvant treatment for early ovarian cancer: A randomized phase III trial of intraperitoneal 32P or intravenous cyclophosphamide and cisplatin—A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. <i>Journal of Clinical Oncology</i>, 21, 4350-4355.